Combine soy sauce, chicken broth, and sesame oil in a bowl. Dissolve cornstarch in water and mix into the bowl. Add shrimp and stir to coat. Cover and refrigerate for 1 1/2 hours; stir occasionally.

Mix chicken broth, sugar, vinegar, soy sauce, sesame oil, and cornstarch together to make the sauce. Set aside.

Heat oil in a large frying pan. Add onion and cook, stirring occasionally, until limp and translucent, about 5 minutes. Add shrimp and stir until pink, about 1 minute. Stir in bamboo shoots, bell peppers, and dried chile; cook for 1 minute. Pour in sauce and peanuts. Cook until sauce boils and thickens slightly, about 5 minutes.